High rate of heart diseases among people of middle ages in Kazakhstan.

High rate of heart diseases among people of middle ages in Kazakhstan.

All over the word people suffer from diseases which related to heat such as valvular heart disease , stroke,.high blood pressure, artery disease or heart murmur. However, in Kazakhstan that kind of problem is actual , because of the high rate of the mortality among  the people of middle ages, who dies from heat diseases, which mainly caused  by obesity and improper diet.  

Unfortunately, in Kazahstan many  people start  suffer from  heart diseases from the 18th century, because of the urbanization , which changed peoples behavior. As a result , of changing life style people become lazy. However, before urbanization nomads used to live in more active life style, such as riding horses , changing their homes from  place to place or simple walking. Even  though life style alter, food preference didn’t change. Kazakh mostly prefer to eat bib amount of  horses and sheep meat. That kind of food digest hard, and consist of saturated fats, which gather inside Aorta.  As a result,  at present days  nation in Kazakhstan  suffer  from diseases which leads to  heart diseases, such as obesity.

Another problem is that Kazakh nation is  not engage sport massively, like in China. Moreover, people didn’t do simple exercises. Do sport is essential to prevent heart diseases, because during the exercise valves of the heart start to beat faster, as a result cardiac muscles, become stronger.

“may bad genetical  heredity be a cause of high rate of diseases amoung Kazakh? ” Scientists proved that genes control metabolic activities in our body, such as protein synthesis, DNA replication  and enzyme production. Also from that genes from one generation to other may transfer predisposition to heart diseases. However, that kind of diseases mostly is congenital diseases. Such as, congenital heart diseases.

Life of the modern men is full of action. People work from 6 to 12 hours a day, which sometime may be more than abilityto do work. Strain in work leads to  problems with health, from that problems stress may be hightlighted as the most dangerous. That is also true that there are other factors which leads to stress, however result is always the same. For example,  when me under the stressfull situation which also called “Fight or flight” body start to release adrenaline which is rise blood pressure inside vessels, this leads to damage of Aorta.

In conclusion, there are many solutions to lower  mortality among the people of middle ages because of heart diseases. The first suggestion is to start promote sport in Kazakhstan massively like in Chaina, for example in Kazakhtan dance called Kara Djorga may become alternative of Vu-shu in China.  In addition, surveys provide information that people who drink alcohol less tend to have heart disease than non-drinkers. However, alcohol gives more harm than benefit. Finally, the best proved solution from heart diseases is to have whole scanning in hospital, because prophylaxis of heart diseases is better than treatment.  

Duisembay Azat.

A process of mRNA synthesis.

What is mRNA? How it is made? For what function it stands for? In the given

essay all this questions will be answered. First, mRNA is a long chain of polynucleotide

chain sequence, which forms from nucleotides (Boyle, 2002). Nucleotides is a molecule

with tree phosphate group, with one sugar and with one base pair (Boyle, 2002).

Nucleotide is connecting with another by phosphodiester group (Boyle, 2002).

What is the Function of mRNA?

Function of mRNA is essential for the cell proper function. This is because

mRNA is used as a template to do an amino acids sequence, which then transform to the

protein (Scott, 2008). So, mRNA gives a signal to make specific kind of protein. This

function can be carried only by mRNA, because for other molecules it would be difficult

to leave nuclear membrane through the nuclear pores to cytosol inside the cell.  For that

reason, mRNA is called messenger RNA (Scott, 2008).

From gene to mRNA.

Gene consists of DNA, main function of DNA is storage of information and it

consists of double strands (Scott, 2008). These two strands wrap around each other and

form double helix (Scott, 2008). Information from one  DNA strand can be used to

produce mRNA strands. Even if mRNA is made by coping one of DNA strands by using

another, it has one difference from it. DNA consist of thiamine, adenine, guanine,

cytosine bases, while mRNA has uracil base instead of thiamine in its strand (Scott,

2008). One mRNA is made in three stages, such as initiation, elongation and termination.

 Initiation:

In initiation is a process starts when part of DNA called promoter is

identified by polymerase (Boyle, 2002). Promoter is important, because it stands

before a piece of DNA which will be used as template for mRNA (Boyle, 2002).

Without promoter synthesis of mRNA will be impossible, since enzyme

polymerase will not be able to identify DNA part, which must be copied.  When

enzyme called polymerase identify promoter, it ready to start the process of

polynucleotide sequence and enzyme called helicase opens DNA strands (Boyle,

2002). But polymerase do not copy DNA immediately it is starts after 10

nucleotides it start synthesis of mRNA (Boyle, 2002).

 Elongation:

Elongation is a process of polynucleotide chain formation (Mike and

Kathryn, 2008). Polymerase is moving along the strands of DNA and makes copy

of only one of the strands (Mike and Kathryn, 2008). Usually is a strand with

direction 5’ 3’. This is because energy required for making a phosphodiester

bond between two nucleotides can be found only in 5’ 3 direction (Mike and

Kathryn, 2008). It is possible to identify 5’ end from 3’ end nucleotide sequence,

because 5’ and has phosphate group at the end, while 3’ end has hydrohyl group

at the end. Phosphate group is molecule with formula PO42-, while hydroxyl has

formula OH (Mike and Kathryn, 2008). During the elongation process,

polymerase makes copy one of DNA strands by using another as a template.

 Termination:

Termination is the last process of mRNA synthesis. It starts when enzyme

called mRNA polymerase II achieve a signal called polyadenylation signal (Scott,

2008). It signals appear when polymerase II reaches a certain sequence of DNA

(Scott, 2008).  After that, polymerase stops coping DNA strand and release

mRNA.

References:

Boyle M., Biology, Collins advanced science, 2002.

Mike B. and Kathryn S., Human Biology, Advanced science, 2008.

Scott F., Biological Science, Pearson, 2008.

The maternal environment can impact fetal development

D. Bilbo and Verne Tsang did research on the rat about effect of maternal obesity on the

offspring. In this research, rats were fed with high fat diet before and during the pregnancy. After

that newborns were examined for microglia and microglia activation factors. As a results, it was

found large amount of microglia activation markers and microglia itself in hippocampus of the

brain. Consequently, offspring of high fat diet had inflammation in the hypothalamus and the

peripheral nervous system. [4]

Probable mechanism is that the high fat concentration induce microglia activation proteins in the

brain. For example, it can induce expression of CD40 Ligand, which is essential in microglia

inflammation and activation. As a result, CD40 Ligand recruit and activate microglia in the

hypothalamus. Consequently, accumulation of microglia in hypothalamus can lead to brain

inflammation. From this, we can conclude that maternal obesity can probably had negative effect

on brain development, because it can lead to brain inflammation.

In addition, offspring of mice with high fat diet had an increased concentration of Interleukin-1

in the brain. This interleukin-1 can consequently activates lymphocytes and neutrophils, which

can lead to brain inflammation. [4]

According to the figure 1 maternal high fat diet in the mice leads to the offspring with high lipid

concentration in the blood. This consequently lead to accumulation of Neuroepithelial Stem

Cells  in hypothalamic area of the third ventricle. This neuroepithelial stem cells then migrate to

the area of PVN and PFLH.  Neurons in this area mainly produce the orexigenic peptide. The

orexigenic peptide is responsible for appetite stimulation. [5] Consequently, newborn eat a lot

and gain weight.

Maternal over nutrition or obesity can lead to insulin resistance in the offspring. Therefore,

insulin resistance can lead to some cognitive malfunction. More importantly insulin resistance or

diabetes type-2 can lead to Alzheimer's disease. Probable mechanism is that diabetes can lead to

Azat Duisembay

vascular dementia, which may affect blood flow to the brain. Then, reduced blood flow with

diabetes can lead to little cognitive dysfunction. Then, cognitive dysfunction could lead to

Alzheimer’s disease. [1]

Obesity can lead to gestational diabetes. According to Malik and Ripple gestational diabetes can

lead to insignificant motor retardation and inattention. Motor retardation and inattention is

strongly correlated with sleep and fatigue. Sleep and fatigue is associated with hypothalamus. [2]

According to another article by Page and Malik a high fat diet of mother before and during the

pregnancy can alter gene expression in developing brain of the fetus and in particularly it can

alter gene expression in hypothalamus. It was found that babies had increased concentration of

NPY neurotransmitter, leptin receptor ObRb and signal transducer STAT3. [3] Consequently,

overexpression of NPY neurotransmitter, leptin receptor ObRb and signal transducer STAT3

lead to abnormal functioning of hypothalamus. As a result, inattention and insignificant motor

retardation appear.

Reference:

[1]Diabetes and cognitive decline. Alzheimer association. (2013)

[2] Malik RE, Ripple JA, Anday EK. School-age children born to diabetic mothers and to

mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit a high rate of inattention and fine and gross motor

impairment. (2009)

[3]Kathleen C. Page , Raleigh E. Malik , Joshua A. Ripple , Endla K. Anday, American Journal

of Physiology Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression

and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring.(2008)

[4] Staci D. Bilbo and Verne Tsang, The FASEB Journal Enduring consequences of maternal obesity for

brain inflammation and behavior of offspring (2010)

[5] Guo-Qing Chang, Valeriya Gaysinskaya, Olga Karatayev, and Sarah F. Leibowitz journal of

neuroscience,  Maternal High-Fat Diet and Fetal Programming: Increased Proliferation of

Hypothalamic Peptide-Producing Neurons That Increase Risk for Overeating and Obesity