D. Bilbo and Verne Tsang did research on the rat about effect of maternal obesity on the
offspring. In this research, rats were fed with high fat diet before and during the pregnancy. After
that newborns were examined for microglia and microglia activation factors. As a results, it was
found large amount of microglia activation markers and microglia itself in hippocampus of the
brain. Consequently, offspring of high fat diet had inflammation in the hypothalamus and the
peripheral nervous system. [4]
Probable mechanism is that the high fat concentration induce microglia activation proteins in the
brain. For example, it can induce expression of CD40 Ligand, which is essential in microglia
inflammation and activation. As a result, CD40 Ligand recruit and activate microglia in the
hypothalamus. Consequently, accumulation of microglia in hypothalamus can lead to brain
inflammation. From this, we can conclude that maternal obesity can probably had negative effect
on brain development, because it can lead to brain inflammation.
In addition, offspring of mice with high fat diet had an increased concentration of Interleukin-1
in the brain. This interleukin-1 can consequently activates lymphocytes and neutrophils, which
can lead to brain inflammation. [4]
According to the figure 1 maternal high fat diet in the mice leads to the offspring with high lipid
concentration in the blood. This consequently lead to accumulation of Neuroepithelial Stem
Cells in hypothalamic area of the third ventricle. This neuroepithelial stem cells then migrate to
the area of PVN and PFLH. Neurons in this area mainly produce the orexigenic peptide. The
orexigenic peptide is responsible for appetite stimulation. [5] Consequently, newborn eat a lot
and gain weight.
Maternal over nutrition or obesity can lead to insulin resistance in the offspring. Therefore,
insulin resistance can lead to some cognitive malfunction. More importantly insulin resistance or
diabetes type-2 can lead to Alzheimer's disease. Probable mechanism is that diabetes can lead to
Azat Duisembay
vascular dementia, which may affect blood flow to the brain. Then, reduced blood flow with
diabetes can lead to little cognitive dysfunction. Then, cognitive dysfunction could lead to
Alzheimer’s disease. [1]
Obesity can lead to gestational diabetes. According to Malik and Ripple gestational diabetes can
lead to insignificant motor retardation and inattention. Motor retardation and inattention is
strongly correlated with sleep and fatigue. Sleep and fatigue is associated with hypothalamus. [2]
According to another article by Page and Malik a high fat diet of mother before and during the
pregnancy can alter gene expression in developing brain of the fetus and in particularly it can
alter gene expression in hypothalamus. It was found that babies had increased concentration of
NPY neurotransmitter, leptin receptor ObRb and signal transducer STAT3. [3] Consequently,
overexpression of NPY neurotransmitter, leptin receptor ObRb and signal transducer STAT3
lead to abnormal functioning of hypothalamus. As a result, inattention and insignificant motor
retardation appear.
Reference:
[1]Diabetes and cognitive decline. Alzheimer association. (2013)
[2] Malik RE, Ripple JA, Anday EK. School-age children born to diabetic mothers and to
mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit a high rate of inattention and fine and gross motor
impairment. (2009)
[3]Kathleen C. Page , Raleigh E. Malik , Joshua A. Ripple , Endla K. Anday, American Journal
of Physiology Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression
and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring.(2008)
[4] Staci D. Bilbo and Verne Tsang, The FASEB Journal Enduring consequences of maternal obesity for
brain inflammation and behavior of offspring (2010)
[5] Guo-Qing Chang, Valeriya Gaysinskaya, Olga Karatayev, and Sarah F. Leibowitz journal of
neuroscience, Maternal High-Fat Diet and Fetal Programming: Increased Proliferation of
Hypothalamic Peptide-Producing Neurons That Increase Risk for Overeating and Obesity
offspring. In this research, rats were fed with high fat diet before and during the pregnancy. After
that newborns were examined for microglia and microglia activation factors. As a results, it was
found large amount of microglia activation markers and microglia itself in hippocampus of the
brain. Consequently, offspring of high fat diet had inflammation in the hypothalamus and the
peripheral nervous system. [4]
Probable mechanism is that the high fat concentration induce microglia activation proteins in the
brain. For example, it can induce expression of CD40 Ligand, which is essential in microglia
inflammation and activation. As a result, CD40 Ligand recruit and activate microglia in the
hypothalamus. Consequently, accumulation of microglia in hypothalamus can lead to brain
inflammation. From this, we can conclude that maternal obesity can probably had negative effect
on brain development, because it can lead to brain inflammation.
In addition, offspring of mice with high fat diet had an increased concentration of Interleukin-1
in the brain. This interleukin-1 can consequently activates lymphocytes and neutrophils, which
can lead to brain inflammation. [4]
According to the figure 1 maternal high fat diet in the mice leads to the offspring with high lipid
concentration in the blood. This consequently lead to accumulation of Neuroepithelial Stem
Cells in hypothalamic area of the third ventricle. This neuroepithelial stem cells then migrate to
the area of PVN and PFLH. Neurons in this area mainly produce the orexigenic peptide. The
orexigenic peptide is responsible for appetite stimulation. [5] Consequently, newborn eat a lot
and gain weight.
Maternal over nutrition or obesity can lead to insulin resistance in the offspring. Therefore,
insulin resistance can lead to some cognitive malfunction. More importantly insulin resistance or
diabetes type-2 can lead to Alzheimer's disease. Probable mechanism is that diabetes can lead to
Azat Duisembay
vascular dementia, which may affect blood flow to the brain. Then, reduced blood flow with
diabetes can lead to little cognitive dysfunction. Then, cognitive dysfunction could lead to
Alzheimer’s disease. [1]
Obesity can lead to gestational diabetes. According to Malik and Ripple gestational diabetes can
lead to insignificant motor retardation and inattention. Motor retardation and inattention is
strongly correlated with sleep and fatigue. Sleep and fatigue is associated with hypothalamus. [2]
According to another article by Page and Malik a high fat diet of mother before and during the
pregnancy can alter gene expression in developing brain of the fetus and in particularly it can
alter gene expression in hypothalamus. It was found that babies had increased concentration of
NPY neurotransmitter, leptin receptor ObRb and signal transducer STAT3. [3] Consequently,
overexpression of NPY neurotransmitter, leptin receptor ObRb and signal transducer STAT3
lead to abnormal functioning of hypothalamus. As a result, inattention and insignificant motor
retardation appear.
Reference:
[1]Diabetes and cognitive decline. Alzheimer association. (2013)
[2] Malik RE, Ripple JA, Anday EK. School-age children born to diabetic mothers and to
mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit a high rate of inattention and fine and gross motor
impairment. (2009)
[3]Kathleen C. Page , Raleigh E. Malik , Joshua A. Ripple , Endla K. Anday, American Journal
of Physiology Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression
and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring.(2008)
[4] Staci D. Bilbo and Verne Tsang, The FASEB Journal Enduring consequences of maternal obesity for
brain inflammation and behavior of offspring (2010)
[5] Guo-Qing Chang, Valeriya Gaysinskaya, Olga Karatayev, and Sarah F. Leibowitz journal of
neuroscience, Maternal High-Fat Diet and Fetal Programming: Increased Proliferation of
Hypothalamic Peptide-Producing Neurons That Increase Risk for Overeating and Obesity
No comments:
Post a Comment